What a Fish Knows: The Inner Lives of Our Underwater Cousins by Jonathan Balcombe cover

What a Fish Knows: The Inner Lives of Our Underwater Cousins

by Jonathan Balcombe

$11.99 on AmazonRead our full review

At a glance

Pages288
First published2016
AudienceAdult
Jonathan Balcombe

About the Author

Jonathan Balcombe

1 book reviewed

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LuvemBooks Verdict

Best for

Readers curious about animal cognition and environmental ethics — especially aquarium keepers, divers, or anyone who has ever wondered what actually goes on inside a fish's mind — who want rigorous science delivered with narrative drive.

Worth it if

You're willing to engage with a chapter-by-chapter cumulative argument and are open to having long-held assumptions about fish intelligence, feeling, and social life systematically overturned.

Skip if

You want a dispassionate survey of competing scientific viewpoints — Balcombe writes as a clear advocate for fish sentience and welfare, leaving limited room for dissenting research.

What readers & critics say

Publishers Weekly praised Balcombe for drawing "deeply from scientific studies" with "the vivacious energy of a cracking good storyteller," presenting fishes as sentient creatures with full cognitive and social lives. Literary Review called it "as cogent, salutary and substantial a study of piscine behaviour" as one could hope for — impressive in its scientific grounding and wearing its learning lightly, while Project MUSE noted the book calls readers urgently to reevaluate their attitudes not just toward fishes but toward all things different from ourselves.

With the vivacious energy of a cracking good storyteller, Balcombe draws deeply from scientific studies to introduce readers to fishes as sentient creatures that live full lives.

Publishers Weekly
Sources: Publishers Weekly, Literary Review, Project MUSE
4.6from 863 Amazon ratings— reader ratings, not a LuvemBooks score

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What a Fish Knows: The Inner Lives of Our Underwater Cousins by Jonathan Balcombe is a New York Times bestselling work of popular science that systematically dismantles the assumption that fishes are unfeeling creatures, drawing on current ethology and biology to reveal more than thirty thousand species as sentient, social, and cognitively sophisticated. Praised by Literary Review for "the vivacious energy of a cracking good storyteller," Balcombe's chapter-by-chapter structure — moving through perception, feeling, cognition, social bonds, and reproduction — builds a cumulative, evidence-grounded case for fish sentience that extends into environmental ethics. Readers seeking a dispassionate survey of competing scientific viewpoints may find the book's advocacy-driven approach leaves limited room for dissenting research, but for anyone curious about animal cognition or marine life, it is a genuinely revelatory read.
Is it worth reading?
For readers curious about animal cognition, environmental ethics, or the hidden complexity of marine life, What a Fish Knows earns its place on the shelf. Its New York Times bestseller status confirms it found an audience well beyond specialist readers, and critics praised Balcombe for drawing 'deeply from scientific studies' to 'make a convincing case that fish possess minds and memories, are capable of planning and organizing, and cooperate with one another in webs of social relationships.' The key caveat is that Balcombe writes as an advocate for fish sentience and welfare — those seeking a neutral, equivocal survey of competing scientific viewpoints may occasionally want more space given to dissenting research.
Similar books
Readers drawn to What a Fish Knows will find strong companions in Ed Yong's An Immense World: How Animal Senses Reveal the Hidden Realms Around Us, which similarly uses current science to reveal how radically different other creatures' perceptions of reality are from our own. Peter Wohlleben's The Hidden Life of Trees: What They Feel, How They Communicate applies the same thesis-driven popular-science approach to plant life, arguing for a hidden social and emotional world in a kingdom humans routinely underestimate. Thomas McNamee's The Inner Life of Cats: The Science and Secrets of Our Mysterious Feline Companions explores animal cognition and inner experience in a domestic species, offering a useful point of comparison for how science approaches sentience across the animal kingdom. Balcombe's own Second Nature: The Inner Lives of Animals and Pleasurable Kingdom: Animals and the Nature of Feeling Good extend the same ethological inquiry to the broader animal world.
Who should read this?
What a Fish Knows speaks directly to readers curious about animal cognition, environmental ethics, or the hidden complexity of marine life, as well as aquarium hobbyists — the publisher specifically names 'the pet goldfish included' as part of the audience. It also works well for readers interested in the broader field of animal behavior and the ethics of how humans interact with wild and farmed fish populations. Those who prefer strictly neutral scientific writing with equal treatment of competing viewpoints may find Balcombe's advocacy-driven approach a limitation, but engaged readers willing to follow the full chapter-by-chapter argument will find the breadth and specificity of the science genuinely rewarding.
About Jonathan Balcombe
Jonathan Balcombe is an ethologist and author.
What are the main themes?
The book's central theme is fish sentience — the argument that fishes are not unfeeling automata but aware, cognitively sophisticated creatures capable of planning, using tools, forming social bonds, and even engaging in deception and punishment. Running beneath the science is a moral and philosophical dimension: a Project MUSE source noted that Balcombe's account 'calls us urgently to reevaluate our attitude — not just to fishes, but to all things that are different from ourselves.' Environmental ethics — specifically the question of how humanity treats wild and farmed fish populations — is the third major thread, making the book as much a call to action as a work of popular science.
What's the main criticism of this book?
The two main criticisms are related to Balcombe's clear advocacy position and a stylistic choice. On the scientific side, Balcombe writes as a committed advocate for fish sentience and welfare, and readers looking for a dispassionate survey of competing scientific viewpoints may find the thesis-driven approach leaves limited room for dissenting research. On the stylistic side, Balcombe consistently uses 'fishes' as a plural — scientifically valid for referring to multiple species, but a noticeable choice that some readers find distracting, even if it is consistent with biological convention.
Summarize this book

Summarize this book

What a Fish Knows challenges centuries of assumptions about fishes, arguing through current ethology and biology that they are sentient, aware, and socially sophisticated creatures. Balcombe organizes the book into chapters — "What a Fish Perceives," "What a Fish Feels," "What a Fish Thinks," "Who a Fish Knows," "How a Fish Breeds," and "Fish Out of Water" — building his case incrementally across dimensions of perception, feeling, cognition, social life, and reproduction. By the end, he makes the case that fishes plan, hunt cooperatively, use tools, curry favor, deceive one another, and punish wrongdoers, before extending the argument into an ethical call to reconsider humanity's relationship with marine life.

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Age & Reading Level

Recommended age

Adult

Reading level

Adult

Skip if you want a neutral, balanced survey of competing scientific viewpoints on fish cognition rather than an evidence-driven advocacy argument.

Editorial Review

Jonathan Balcombe's New York Times bestseller dismantles centuries of assumptions about fish, drawing on current ethology and biology to reveal more than thirty thousand species of fishes as sentient, social, and cognitively sophisticated creatures — a genuinely revelatory work of popular science published by Scientific American / Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

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